Why is a high resistance of Megohms suitable for grounding static electricity?

Why is a high resistance of Megohms suitable for grounding static electricity?

Engineers are often surprised by the high levels of resistance that give an adequate ground in static electricity work. The reason is simple - static electricity charge generation is effectively a small current generator in the microamp or nanoamp range. We are usually happy to achieve limitation of voltages to a few volts. Simple consideration of Ohms law shows that for, say, 1 microA current generated (which is average level) a 1 M ohm resistance will only show 1V buildup. Increase that to 10⁹ ohms and it might start to get more problematic, showing 1kV!

You can now start to easily see why with modern insulating materials static charge build-up is common - with a 10¹²ohm material (which are quite common) only 10nA charge generation rate would give 10kV. Modern polymers can be well over 10¹³ ohm.

Of course life is not so simple in reality but it gives a good first approximation. The second important parameter is charge storage (capacitance) which with resistance forms a characteristic RC charge decay time. If this gets above about a second or so, static voltages stay around long enough for use to notice them.

So for a static dissipative floor in an ESD Protected area, 10⁹ ohms resistance or below is all that is needed to keep static voltages on chairs, trolleys and other items to a low level. Humans are more problematic as they move around and generate a higher current - someone found that 35 Mohms resistance from body to ground would keep body voltage below 100V in most cases with some margin of safety.

People start feeling shocks if their body voltage goes above about 3-4 kV. This can start to happen if the floor resistance goes much above about 10¹⁰ ohms. An average body capacitance might be of the order 100pF, so the time constant is around 1 sec. (People like me who have big feet have higher capacitance). Many modern laminates, glass, plastics, synthetic stone etc have resistance well over 10¹² ohms. So the decay time can be hundreds of seconds, and voltage reach tens of kilovolts. Any high voltages generated sty on the body for several minutes under these conditions.

There's some more information on this in my on-line article on Why static charge builds up on people

Is cardboard a problem in my EPA?

We have various types of cardboards (dissipative & insulating types) in our ESD protected manufacturing area. Is the cardboard static-generating material? Is it ok to have them in the EPA?

Any insulating material is likely to be static-generating. One problem with cardboard and paper is that they are very variable materials and their electrical properties vary with air humidity by several orders of magnitude. Under humid air conditions they could be dissipative but under dry air conditions they could be insulating and cause a problem. So, unless you have specific ESD grades, it is better to keep them out of the ESD Protected Area.

While vaccuuming sand with a 6m long and 5cm dia. pvc pipe connected to a flexible pvc hose attached to the vaccuum truck, a considerable amount of static is produced, shocking the worker holding the apparatus. How can I reduce the shocks?

It's difficult to say for sure without examining the situation, But there are two main possibilities. The main one is that the operator is getting charged up and eventually discharges to some nearby object, feeling a shock. If the operator is standing on a concrete floor, or other conductive material, and they wear "antistatic", static dissipative or conductive shoes, then their body should not charge up and the shocks can often be avoided.

However the root cause of the charging is the dust in the pipe. Dust particles impact the pipe walls and create static electricity on the pipe walls. If there are any isolated (not earthed) metal parts these will charge up and can be the source of shocks. The best way to get rid of these risks may be to replace the pipe with conductive or static dissipative pipe, and earth it. Any metal parts in the pipe system should also be earthed (grounded).